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2018年高考英语阅读理解掌握篇章结构就等于理清文章写作之灵魂

专题7阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题

【构建知识体系】

篇章结构题考点段落层次、写作方法和行文走势

2012-2017年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计

年份篇章结构篇目

题号主题体裁

【考纲解读】

考试大纲要求考纲解读

要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项。题材广泛，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等多方面内容。体裁多样，以记叙文、议论文、说明文为主。

考查主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、篇章结构等题型。篇章结构题的考查对象是整个篇章或其中的某个段落。考查同学们在理解全文的基础上对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。

【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向

[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]

Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.Amotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbegins"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"orrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.

Oneexplanationisthelawofoverlearning,whichcanbestatedasfollows:Oncewehavelearnedsomething,additionallearningtrials(尝试)increasethelengthoftimewewillrememberit.

Inchildhoodweusuallycontinuetopracticesuchskillsasswimming,bicycleriding,andplayingbaseballlongafterwehavelearnedthem.Wecontinuetolistentoandremindourselvesofwordssuchas"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"andchildhoodtalessuchasCinderellaandGoldilocks.Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.

Themultiplicationtables(乘法口诀表)areanexceptiontothegeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.

Thelawofoverlearningexplainswhycramming(突击学习)foranexamination,thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning,ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'sfuturedevelopment.

68.Theauthorexplainsthelawofoverlearningby_________.

A.presentingresearchfindings

B.settingdowngeneralrules

C.makingacomparison

D.usingexamples

【答案】68.D

【解析】

【高考预测】

纵观近几年全国高考试题，很少出现此类题型，但这一题型在地方高考和模拟试题中时有出现，因此不排除2017年全国高考试题可能会

①设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落结构和脉络的把握。

②题型设置主要是让考生分析某一段落或全文的结构或写作方法，也可能让考生试着猜测紧接着最后一段可能会写什么内容。

【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点

考点篇章结构题

【例1】Accordingtosociologists(社会学家)，everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification(阶层)．Class，powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople’srankinsociety.

Classmeansaperson’seconomicpositioninsociety.Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass，middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined，theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.Onestudyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass，and1%theupperclass.Interestingly，asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!

Powerreferstotheamountofcontrolapersonhasoverotherpeople.Obviously，peopleinpositionsofgreatpower(suchasgovernors)exercise(行使)bigpower，butpeoplewhotakeordersfromothershavelesspower.Powerandclassdonotalwaysgohandinhand，however.Forexample，thegovernorofastatehasgreatpower，butheorshemaynotbelongtoacorresponding(相应的)economicclass.Generally，however，thereisarelationshipbetweenpowerandclass.Toourknowledge，therearen’ttoomanypeoplewhoaren’tmillionairesintheU．S.Senate!

Statusisthehonororrespectattachedtoaperson’spositioninsociety.Itcanalsobeaffectedbypowerandclass，butnotnecessarilyso.Forexample，auniversityprofessormayhaveahighstatusbutnotbelongtoahighsocialclassorhavealotofpoweroverothers.(2013·陕西，C)

56．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?

(P：Paragraph)

【答案】A

【例2】Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.Amotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbegins"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"orrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.

Oneexplanationisthelawofoverlearning,whichcanbestatedasfollows:Oncewehavelearnedsomething,additionallearningtrials(尝试)increasethelengthoftimewewillrememberit.

Inchildhoodweusuallycontinuetopracticesuchskillsasswimming,bicycleriding,andplayingbaseballlongafterwehavelearnedthem.Wecontinuetolistentoandremindourselvesofwordssuchas"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"andchildhoodtalessuchasCinderellaandGoldilocks.Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.

Themultiplicationtables(乘法口诀表)areanexceptiontothegeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.

Thelawofoverlearningexplainswhycramming(突击学习)foranexamination,thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning,ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'sfuturedevelopment.（2012全国卷Ⅰ，D）

68.Theauthorexplainsthelawofoverlearningby_________.

A.presentingresearchfindings

B.settingdowngeneralrules

C.makingacomparison

D.usingexamples

【答案】68.D

【解析】

【例3】Theneedtofeedagrowingpopulationisputtingmuchpressureontheworld’ssupplyofwater.With97%oftheworld’swatertoosaltytobedrunkorusedinagriculture，theworldwidesupplyofwaterneedscarefulmanagement，especiallyinagriculture.Althoughtheideaofawatershortage(短缺)seemsstrangetosomeonefortunateenoughtoliveinahighrainfallcountry，manyoftheworld’sagricultureindustriesexperienceconstantwatershortages.

Althoughdamscanbebuilttostorewaterforagriculturaluseindryareasanddryseasons，thecostsofwaterredistribution(重新分配)areveryhigh.Notonlyistherethecostoftheengineeringitself，butthereisalsoanenvironmentalcosttobeconsidered.Wherevalleys(山谷)arefloodedtocreatedams，housesarelostandwildlifehomesdestroyed.Besides，watermayfloweasilythroughpipestofields，butitcannotbetransportedfromonesideoftheworldtotheother.Eachcountrymustthereforerelyonthemanagementofitsownwatertosupplyitsfarmingrequirements.

Thisisparticularlytroublingforcountrieswithagriculturalindustriesinareasdependentonirrigation(灌溉).InTexas，farmers’overuseofirrigationwaterhasresultedina25%reductionofthewaterstores.IntheCentralValleyareaofsouthwesternUSA，ahugewaterengineeringprojectprovidedwaterforfarmingindryvalleys，butmuchofthewaterusehasbeenpoorlymanaged.

SaudiArabia’sattemptstogrowwheatindesertareashaveseenthepumpingofhugequantitiesofirrigationwaterfromundergroundreserves.Becausethereisnorainfallintheseareas，suchreservescanonlydecrease，anditisbelievedthatfiftyyearsofpumpingwillseethemrundry.（2010安徽卷，E）

74.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?

A.Stepstoimprovewaterusemanagement.

B.Waystoreducethecostsofbuildingdams.

C.Measurestodealwithworldwidewatershortages.

D.Approachestohandlethepressureonwatersupply.

【答案】A

规律方法：如何分析段落层次段落层次、写作方法和行文走势？

解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后分析作者采用了什么论证手段（举例、比较、类比等）证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。

【变式精练】

ThemainreasonpeoplecometoAmericaissaidtobethattheycanchasetheAmericanDream.Everyonehasheardofit,andmanyhavediedfightingforit.TheonlythingisthatthereisnocleardefinitionoftheAmericanDream.Itisnotdefinedbyonedream,butbyalltheopportunitiesthattheUnitedStatesoffers.SincethefoundingoftheUnitedStates,peoplehavebeenstrivingtodefinetheAmericanDream.

IntheplayDeathofaSalesman,everycharacteristryingtorealizehisownversionoftheAmericanDream.Willyfeelsthathehasdoneso.Hehasspenthiswholelifeasanotverysuccessfulsalesman.Ashegetsolder,hestartshavingconflictswitheveryoneinhislife,andfeelsthatonlybykillinghimselfwillthepeoplearoundhimbeabletofinallybehappy

Bernard,ontheotherhand,feelsthattheAmericanDreamcanonlybeachievedthroughcareersuccess.Heshowsthatthroughhardworkanddedicationhewillbecrownedwithsuccess.

ThedialogueofthecharactersrevealsthedifferentattitudestheyhavetowardtheAmericanDream,andthereactionofWillytothefactthatBernardisverysuccessfulwhileheisnot.

ManypeopletrytoachievetheAmericanDream,butfewactuallydoso.Aswithanygoal,ittakeshardworkanddedicationtoachievetheAmericanDream.InDeathofaSalesman,allaspectsofthisgoalareexamined.Forthegoaltobeachieved,thedreammustbeanattainableonewhichisworthworkingtoward.Italsomustbeadreamthattheprofessionalworldacceptsandfindsuseful.

Whatwouldbethecorrectstructureofthetext?

【方法指导】文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。

A篇章结构主要的设题方式常有：

（1）Howisthepassageorganized?

（2）Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?

（3）Whatwilltheauthormostprobablytalkaboutnext?

（4）Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby_________.

（5）Thefirstparagraphservesasa（n）__________.

（6）Theexampleof…isgiventoshow/illustratethat__________.

B篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：

（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总→分；总→分→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。

（2）了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea→Evidence→conclusion/restatingtheidea即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。

（3）了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。

（2011安徽卷，B）

Thinkaboutthedifferentwaysthatpeopleusethewind.Youcanuseittoflyakiteortosailaboat.Windisoneofourcleanestandrichestpowersources(来源)，aswellasoneoftheoldest.Evidenceshowsthatwindmills(风车)begantobeusedinancientIranbackintheseventhcenturyBC.TheywerefirstintroducedtoEuropeduringthe1100s，whenarmiesreturnedfromtheMiddleEastwithknowledgeofusingwindpower.

Formanycenturies，peopleusedwindmillstogrind(磨碎)wheatintoflourorpumpwaterfromdeepunderground.Whenelectricitywasdiscoveredinthelate1800s，peoplelivinginremoteareasbegantousethemtoproduceelectricity.Thisallowedthemtohaveelectriclightsandradio.However，bythe1940swhenelectricitywasavailabletopeopleinalmostallareasoftheUnitedStates，windmillswererarelyused.

Duringthe1970s，peoplestartedbecomingconcernedaboutthepollutionthatiscreatedwhencoalandgasareburnedtoproduceelectricity.Peoplealsorealizedthatthesupplyofcoalandgaswouldnotlastforever.Then，windwasrediscovered，thoughitmeanshighercosts.Today，thereisaglobalmovementtosupplymoreandmoreofourelectricitythroughtheuseofwind.

4.Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?

A.Theadvantageofwindpower.

B.Thedesignofwindpowerplants.

C.Theworldwidemovementtosaveenergy.

D.Theglobaltrendtowardsproducingpowerfromwind.

【答案】D

【答案解析】篇章结构类。根据文章第三段最后一句“Today，thereisaglobalmovementtosupplymoreandmoreofourelectricitythroughtheuseofwind.”可以推断下一步就要涉及风能在全世界的开发利用趋势，即“Theglobaltrend(趋势)towardsproducingpowerfromwind.”。因此D项正确。

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