更新时间:作者:小小条
一、定语从句

在复合句中,修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词。
先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
关系词:引导定语从句的词。
定语从句分类:限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
1.关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)关系代词的基本用法
关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中所充当的成分 |
that | 人/物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
which | 物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
who | 人 | 主语、宾语 |
whom | 人 | 宾语 |
whose | 人/物 | 定语 |
as | 物 | 主语、宾语、表语 |
I read a report about his new novel that/which will soon be published.
我读了一篇关于他即将出版的新小说的报道。
Do you know the professor that/who will give us a speech next week?
你认识下周要给我们作演讲的教授吗?
Mr. Smith is the person (whom/who/that) I am working with.
史密斯先生是和我一起工作的人。
I like those books whose topics are about history.
我喜欢那些以历史为主题的书。
(2)关系代词的用法区别
that和which的区别
只用that 的情况 | 先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,something,little,much,none,few,the one等不定代词时。(如先行词指人,可用who代替that) |
先行词被the only, the very (正是、恰是), the last等修饰时。(如先行词指人,可用who代替that) | |
先行词被all, any, few, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰时。(如先行词指人,可用who代替that) | |
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词时 | |
先行词中既有人也有物时 | |
只用which 的情况 | 引导非限制性定语从句时 |
关系代词前有介词时 |
The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.
电视塔是这个城市建的最高的建筑物。
Readers attracts so many audiences, which means that it becomes more and more popular in China.
《读者》吸引了那么多的读者,这意味着它在中国变得越来越受欢迎。
which与as引导非限制性定语从句时的区别
| which | as |
位置上 | 只能放在先行词的后面 | 位置灵活,可位于句首、句中,也可置于句末 |
搭配上 | 无动词的限制 | 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 |
意思上 | 这一点,这件事 | 正如……,正像……的那样 |
Football,which is an interesting game, is played all over the world.
全世界都踢足球,这是一项有趣的运动。
As is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
正如报纸上报道的那样,两国之间的谈判正在取得进展。
其他关系代词的用法区别
关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中所充当的成分 |
who | 人 | 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) |
whom | 人 | 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) |
whose(=of whom/of which) | 人或物 | 定语 |
They are the lazy students whose homework wasn’t handed in.
他们是那些没有交作业的懒惰学生。
Actually, he is an honest and reliable person,whom/who you can rely on.
事实上,他是一个诚实可靠的人,你可以依靠他。
2.关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词 | 关系副词 | 在从句中所充当的成分 | 与“介词+关系代词”的关系 |
表示时间的名词:time, day, year等。 | when | 时间状语 | =at/in/on/during which |
表示场所的名词:park, place, country, house等。 | where | 地点状语 | =in/at/to/on which |
表示理由的名词:the reason | why | 原因状语 | =for which |
At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands where artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
在中国艺术节上有不同的展台,在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。
We will always remember the moment when my classmate Li Chong crossed the finish line.
我们将永远记得我的同学李冲越过终点线的那一刻。
[点拨]
(1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如point, situation, case, stage等时,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when;意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。
(3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”,且在从句中作状语时,可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。
二、非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
| 限制性定语从句 | 非限制性定语从句 |
形式 | 与主句之间不用逗号隔开 | 与主句之间一般用逗号隔开 |
位置 | 放在所修饰的先行词后 | as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在句首、句中或句尾 |
先行词 | 名词或名词性短语 | 名词、名词性短语或整个句子 |
引导词 | 所有的关系代词和关系副词 | 除that和why之外的关系代词和关系副词 |
功能 | 对先行词进行限定或修饰,去掉定语从句,剩余部分的意义不完整 | 对先行词作附加说明解释,去掉定语从句后,句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整 |
翻译 | 常译成前置定语 | 常译成并列分句 |
1. 非限制性定语从句的功能:对先行词或主句起解释或补充说明作用,有逗号与主句隔开;
对比:限制性定语从句的功能:对先行词进行修饰限定,译为“……的”;
The dentist(牙医) who treated me is my uncle.
He is a person who is really warm-hearted.
The supermarket,which was opened two months ago,is now closed down.
两个月前开的那家超市,现在已经倒闭了。
Nanjing,where I lived for five years,is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常热,我在那里生活了五年。
2. 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句;
3. which和as引导非限制性定语从句的异同:
(1) as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时可代替整个主句;
(2) which既可以指代整个主句, 又可以指代主句中的某个名词或代词;
(3) as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的位置不同:
as引导的定语从句可置于句首或句中,而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可放在句首, 只能放在 句中;
(4) as引导的定语从句有“正如”的意思,而which指“这/那”。
4. as引导非限制性定语从句的常见搭配:
众所周知 as is known to all; as we all know; as is well known
正如你所知道的那样 as you know
正如所预料的那样 as is expected
正如我们所期待的 as we expected
正如上面所提到的 as has been mentioned above
正如报道/所说的那样 as is reported / said
正如一句谚语所说/俗话说 as a famous saying goes
正如指出的 as is pointed out
正如你所看见的 as you can see = as can be seen
情况通常如此 as is often the case
三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
| 分类 | 用法 |
定语 从句 | 限制性定语从句 | 对先行词起修饰限制作用 |
非限制性定语从句 | 对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等 |
He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)
他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。
He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)
他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。
He failed in the match,which was a great pity.(非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面的句子)
=He failed in the match,and it was a great pity.
他在比赛中失败了,这真令人遗憾。
语法填空中如何选择定语从句的关系词
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